Abstract

Copper has been used by nursery managers for more than 100 years to suppress fungi and as a fertilizer for more than 50 years. Consequently, nursery seedlings with copper deficiencies are rare, especially for broadleaf species. In many nurseries, soil contains <10 μg-Cu g-1 and in greenhouse trials, pine seedlings are relatively tolerant of soil levels with 35 μg-Cu g-1. A million bareroot pine seedlings may contain 50 to 100 g-Cu and, when soil tests indicate low copper levels, managers might apply 1 kg-Cu per million seedlings. In contrast, it may take only 15 g-Cu to produce one million container-grown seedlings. Copper fertilization is typically not required when 30 cm of applied irrigation water contains 0.1 μg-Cu g-1 (supplying 0.3 kg-Cu ha-1). This review highlights some of the past and current uses of copper in bareroot and container nurseries with a focus on deficiency and toxicity effects as well as the impact of various copper-based products and provides recommendations on ideal soil and foliar ranges.

Highlights

  • Copper (Cu++) is an essential element for normal growth of seedlings (Shuman 1998; Landis and van Steenis 2000; Yruela 2015)

  • Copper deficiency occurs when pine seedlings show visual symptoms (Figure 1) or when growth is limited by insufficient copper

  • Fertilizers used in pine seedbeds include copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP) (CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O) and cupric oxide (CuO), which are the most commonly applied copper fertilizers

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Summary

Introduction

Copper (Cu++) is an essential element for normal growth of seedlings (Shuman 1998; Landis and van Steenis 2000; Yruela 2015). Copper is used as a fungicide, a fertilizer and as a container-coating to prevent spiraling of pine roots (Burdett 1978; Ruehle 1985). This review will focus on use of copper in pine nurseries but will include experiments where hardwoods were grown in greenhouses and data from tree plantations. Most of the listed citations involve conifers since hardwood seedlings are seemingly less likely to develop copper deficiency (van den Burg 1983). Except for citrus, eucalypts and poplars, most copper deficiencies in hardwoods occur in experiments in greenhouses. Numerous papers discuss use of copper in containers and deficiencies in agronomic crops, little has been published about deficiencies in pine seedbeds

History
Soil tests
Soil acidity
Organic matter
Copper in water
Mycorrhiza
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Copper in fertilizers
Copper in fungicides
Copper removed at harvest
Copper deficiency
Copper toxicity
10 Tissue analysis
11 Recommendations
11.1 Bareroot
11.2 Container
12 Copper products
12.1 Copper sulfate
12.4 Cupric carbonate
13 Conclusions
14 Acknowledgments
Findings
15 References
Full Text
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