Use of continuous infusion of clonidine for sedation in critically ill infants and children

Abstract

BackgroundAdequate sedation and analgesia are required for critically ill children in order to minimize discomfort, reduce anxiety, and facilitate care. This is commonly achieved through a combination of opioids and benzodiazepines. Prolonged use of these agents is associated with tolerance and withdrawal. Clonidine as an adjunctive sedative agent may reduce sedation-related adverse events. ObjectiveOur first aim was to describe the indication for clonidine administration and its secondary effects in a mixed cohort of critically ill children. Our secondary aim was to measure the consumption of sedatives during two study periods: before and after the use of clonidine in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). MethodsThis was a single-center study conducted in a tertiary PICU and encompassed retrospective chart review of patients who received clonidine between November 2013 and April 2015. We collected data on clonidine dosage, duration of administration, indication for the prescription, and potential side effects. We analyzed the total consumption of sedatives over 18 months, before and after the introduction of clonidine in our sedation protocol. ResultsA total of patients received clonidine, with a mean age of 2.2 ± 2.8 years. The primary reason for intensive care admission was respiratory failure (48%). The main indication for clonidine administration was increasing requirement for morphine and midazolam (60%). The mean duration of clonidine infusion was 9 ± 7.3 days. Bradycardia and hypotension occurred in five patients (11.6%) and nine patients (21%), respectively. These side effects did not result in any major intervention. Younger age was a risk factor for clonidine-associated bradycardia. We observed a significant decrease in morphine and midazolam consumption with clonidine as a comedication. Compared with the pre-study period, consumption decreased by 19.7% for morphine and by 59% for midazolam (calculated as milligram/admission). ConclusionContinuous infusion of clonidine in critically ill children is safe and effective. Clonidine is a sedative-sparing agent and this can help reduce complications associated with prolonged use of opioids and benzodiazepines.