Abstract
To improve the loadability and antioxidant properties of wool impregnated with onion skin extract, the introduction of SB3-14 surfactant in the dyeing process was evaluated. A preliminary investigation on the surfactant–quercetin interaction indicated that the optimal conditions for dye solubility, stability, and surfactant affinity require double-distilled water (pH = 5.5) as a medium and SB3-14 in a concentration above the c.m.c. (2.5 × 10−3 M). The absorption profile of textiles showed the flavonoid absorption band (390 nm) and a bathochromic feature (510 nm), suggesting flavonoid aggregates. The higher absorbance for the sample dyed with SB3-14 indicated greater dye uptake, which was further confirmed by HPLC analysis. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was applied to evaluate the total phenol content (TPC) released from the treated wool, while the assays FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC were applied to evaluate the corresponding total antioxidant activity (TAC). Higher TPCs (about 20%) and TACs (5–55%) were measured with SB3-14, highlighting textiles with improved biofunctional properties. Spectrophotometric analyses were also performed with an artificial sweat. The potential cytotoxic effect of SB3-14 in both monomeric and aggregated forms, cell viability, and induction of apoptosis were evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells. These analyses revealed that SB3-14 is safe at concentrations below the c.m.c.
Highlights
The exploitation of plant extracts as a raw source of colored bioactive compounds has gained increasing attraction in the last few years for the concrete possibility of performing a sustainable production of colored textiles with specific health-promoting properties on human skin [1,2,3]
In a recent work [12], the application of a multi-analytical approach based on advanced chromatographic, cytofluorimetric, and spectroscopic studies allowed us to demonstrate that wool yarns impregnated with the phenol pool extracted from dry yellow onion (“Dorata di Parma” cultivar) peel exhibit a high potential in protecting human skin against lipid peroxidation following UV radiation, without cellular toxic effects
In a previous study [12], quercetin and its glycoside derivatives were found to be the most abundant flavonoids present in water extract of onion skin from the “Dorata di Parma” cultivar. This molecule was chosen as a representative species of this class of bioactive compounds to in depth investigate the interaction with SB3-14 zwitterionic surfactant
Summary
The exploitation of plant extracts as a raw source of colored bioactive compounds has gained increasing attraction in the last few years for the concrete possibility of performing a sustainable production of colored textiles with specific health-promoting properties on human skin [1,2,3]. In a recent work [12], the application of a multi-analytical approach based on advanced chromatographic, cytofluorimetric, and spectroscopic studies allowed us to demonstrate that wool yarns impregnated with the phenol pool extracted from dry yellow onion (“Dorata di Parma” cultivar) peel exhibit a high potential in protecting human skin against lipid peroxidation following UV radiation, without cellular toxic effects. In order to find the optimal experimental dyeing conditions that guarantee enhanced product functionality and process sustainability at the same time, a preliminary study was performed with Aqnutioexricdeantitsn2(0F20ig, 9u, r1e0515b) solutions at different pH values, since this molecule was found to be the3mofo1s6t abundant flavonoid present in the onion skin extract under investigation [12]. The raw wool yarn used in this study was a generous gift of a local Umbrian producer
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