Use of a Piezoelectric Bender Element for the Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times of Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes, with Applications to Laterite Soils.

Janjit Iamchaturapatr,Aruz Petcherdchoo,Keeratikan Piriyakul

doi:10.3390/s22031267

Janjit Iamchaturapatr, Aruz Petcherdchoo + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031267

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Abstract

This study proposes the use of a non-destructive testing technique, based on piezoelectric bender element tests, to determine the initial and final setting times of metakaolin geopolymer pastes. (1) Background: Metakaolin geopolymer is a new eco-friendly building material that develops strength rapidly and is high in compressive strength. (2) Methods: The initial and the final setting times were investigated via bender element and Vicat needle tests. Metakaolin powder was prepared by treating kaolin at 0, 200, 800, 1000, and 1200 °C. All metakaolin powder samples were then mixed with geopolymer solution at different mixing ratios of 0.8:1.0, 1.0:1.0, 1.2:1.0, and 1.5:1.0. The geopolymer solution was prepared by adding 10 normal concentrations of sodium hydroxide (10 N NaOH) to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) at various solution ratios of 1.0:1.0, 1.0:1.2, 1.0:1.5, 1.0:2.0, 1.2:1.0, 1.5:1.0 and 2.0:1.0. (3) Results: The optimum temperature for treating metakaolin is established at 1000 °C, with a mixing ratio between the metakaolin powder and the geopolymer solution of 1.0:1.0, as well as a solution ratio between NaOH and Na2SiO3 of 2.0:1.0. (4) Conclusions: The use of piezoelectric bender elements to determine the initial and final setting times of metakaolin geopolymer pastes is a useful method by which to detect geopolymerization by shear wave velocity in a real-time manner. Moreover, the penetration of the Vicat apparatus can confirm the setting times at specific intervals. The relationships between the shear wave velocity and the Vicat penetration appear to be linear, with an initial setting time of 168 m/s and a final setting time of 187 m/s. Finally, the optimum metakaolin geopolymer pastes are applied to improve laterite soils, as measured by CBR tests.

Highlights

Various kinds of techniques are available in the marketplace for determining the properties of materials
It was observed that the metakaolin that was treated at 1200 ◦ C, as shown in Figure 1d, appears to be ceramic and cannot be mixed with geopolymer solution
It was found that the maximum Vs is about 147 m/s when the solution ratio between NaOH and Na2 SiO3 is equal to 2.0:1.0, as well as a mixing ratio between the metakaolin powder and the geopolymer solution equal to 1.0:1.0, 1.2:1.0, and 1.5:1.0

Summary

Introduction

Various kinds of techniques are available in the marketplace for determining the properties of materials. The criterion by which to select a suitable technique depends on the properties to be determined. The bender element test was applied to studying soil characteristics, e.g., thawing and stress restoration in artificial frozen sandy soils [7], transition evaluation of fine sand from capillarity to cementation [8], expansion-induced crack propagation monitoring in rocks [9], response monitoring of transitional mixtures retaining the memory of in-situ overburden pressure [10], etc. Various studies can be carried out using the bender element, e.g., the characterization of recycled concrete aggregate [11], evaluation of damage induced by alkali-silica reaction [12], etc

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