Use of a passive bioreactor to reduce water-borne plant pathogens, nitrate, and sulfate in greenhouse effluent

Abstract

The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of passive bioreactors to reduce water-borne plant pathogens (Pythium ultimum and Fusarium oxysporum) and nutrient load (NO− 3 and SO2− 4) in greenhouse effluent. Sterilized and unsterilized passive bioreactors filled with a reactive mixture of organic carbon material were used in three replicates. After a startup period of 2 (sterilized) or 5 (unsterilized) weeks, the bioreactor units received for 14 weeks a reconstituted commercial greenhouse effluent composed of 500 mg L−1 SO2− 4 and 300 mg L−1 NO− 3 and were inoculated three times with P. ultimum and F. oxysporum (106 CFU mL−1). Efficacy in removing water-borne plant pathogens and nitrate reached 99.9% for both the sterilized and unsterilized bioreactors. However, efficacy in reducing the SO2− 4 load sharply decreased from 89% to 29% after 2 weeks of NO− 3-supply treatment for the unsterilized bioreactors. Although SO2− 4 removal efficacy for the sterilized bioreactors did not recover after 4 weeks of NO− 3-supply treatment, the unsterilized bioreactor nearly reached a similar level of SO2− 4 removal after 4 weeks of NO− 3-supply treatment compared with affluent loaded only with SO2− 4, where no competition for the carbohydrate source occurred between the denitrification process and sulfate-reducing bacteria activity. Performance differences between the sterilized and unsterilized bioreactors clearly show the predominant importance of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Consequently, when sulfate-reducing bacteria reach their optimal activity, passive bioreactors may constitute a cheap, low-maintenance method of treating greenhouse effluent to recycle wastewater and eliminate nutrient runoff, which has important environmental impacts.