Use of a metabolic inhibitor to reduce dapsone‐dependent haematological toxicity

Abstract

AbstractAside from its established use as an antileprotic and anti‐inflammatory drug, dapsone is also effective in the therapy of Pneurnocystis carinii pneumonia. Unfortunately, its use is often limited by its dose‐dependent toxicity, such as methaemoglobinaemia and haemolysis; the latter condition occurs most frequently in gIucose‐6‐dehydrogenase deficient individuals. It is also responsible for occasional life‐threatening disorders such as agranulocytosis. Dapsone may undergo acetylation, but its toxicity is due to the product of its oxidative metabolism, dapsone hydroxylamine. This is generated in man by the constitutive hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme IIIA4. Studies in the rat revealed that dapsone‐dependent methaemoglobinaemia could be greatly diminished by the co‐administration of metabolic inhibitors. In the isolated perfused rat liver, dapsone hydroxylamine levels and hence methaemoglobin formation fell significantly in the presence of cimetidine. In addition, the clearance of the parent drug was retarded, and perfusate concentrations of monoacetyl dapsone increased. The protective effect of cimetidine also reduced methaemoglobin formation in the whole rat during the chronic administration of dapsone. Incubation of dapsone in a two‐compartment in vitro system using human tissues in the presence of cimetidine or ketoconazole resulted in a decrease in methaemoglobin formation in all the human livers tested. Although cimetidine was only effective if incubated with microsomes and NADPH prior to the addition of dapsone. Administration of cimetidine (3 × 400 mg daily) to volunteers 3 days prior to and 4 days post administration of a single dose of 100 mg dapsone caused drug concentrations to increase by almost 30%. There was a marked fall in peak methaemoglobin levels and the percentage of the dose excreted in urine as dapsone hydroxylamine N‐glucuronide was reduced by almost one third. During high dose dapsone therapy it may be possible that the co‐administration of cimetidine might reduce toxicity while maintaining drug efficacy.