Abstract
The use of chlorine dioxide to disinfect drinking water and ameliorate toxic components of wastewater has significant advantages in terms of providing safe water. Nonetheless, significant drawbacks toward such usage remain. These drawbacks include the fact that toxic byproducts of the disinfection agents are often formed, and the complete removal of such agents can be challenging. Reported herein is one approach to solving this problem: the use of α-cyclodextrin to affect the product distribution in chlorine dioxide-mediated decomposition of organic pollutants. The presence of α-cyclodextrin leads to markedly more oxidation and less aromatic chlorination, in a manner that is highly dependent on analyte structure and other reaction conditions. Mechanistic hypotheses are advanced to explain the cyclodextrin effect, and the potential for use of α-cyclodextrin for practical wastewater treatment is also discussed.
Highlights
The decontamination of the water supply from a variety of organic pollutants (Cravotto et al, 2005), including phthalates (Przybylinska and Wyszkowski, 2016), biphenyls (Benoit et al, 2016), and bisphenol derivatives (Onundi et al, 2017) is an important challenge with a variety of industrial and public health applications (Foo and Hameed, 2010; Shah et al, 2016)
We have selected three common pollutants to focus on in this paper, all of which have been reported to interact with α-cyclodextrin: bisphenol A (BPA) (Araki et al, 2001), bisphenol F (BPF) (Xiao et al, 2007), and 2-phenylphenol (Burkert et al, 1981), with the expectation that supramolecular interactions of the pollutants with α-cyclodextrin is likely to affect their chlorine dioxide-mediated degradation
The inclusion of BPF in addition to BPA is important, as BPA derivatives such as BPF are increasingly used as commercially available substitutes for BPA (Bjornsdotter et al, 2017; Wu et al, 2018), with evidence indicating analogous or even worse toxicity compared to BPA
Summary
The decontamination of the water supply from a variety of organic pollutants (Cravotto et al, 2005), including phthalates (Przybylinska and Wyszkowski, 2016), biphenyls (Benoit et al, 2016), and bisphenol derivatives (Onundi et al, 2017) is an important challenge with a variety of industrial and public health applications (Foo and Hameed, 2010; Shah et al, 2016) Methods to achieve such decontamination to facilitate access to clean drinking water tend to rely on the application of large quantities of disinfectants, oxidants, or decomposition reagents (Kim et al, 1999), with newer methods including the use of photochemical (Laxma Reddy et al, 2017), electrochemical (Oturan et al, 2009), and sonochemical (Joseph et al, 2009) decontamination procedures. Supramolecular complexation in general (Chang et al, 2017), and cyclodextrin complexation in particular (Aiassa et al, 2016), has been shown to result in significantly altered and often reduced toxicities, which provides another potential avenue by which toxicity of the water stream can be mitigated
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