Use and Non-use Values in the Conservation of Ichkeul National Park, Tunisia

Abstract

Non-use existence values are now widely considered to be an important justification for conservation in developed countries. Using the same approach to promote conservation in less-developed and developing countries, with their normally severe economic and social problems, is often wholly inappropriate, as existence values in less-developed and developing countries are usually very small. Conservation on grounds of ethics and aesthetics is a luxury which many of those latter countries do not feel able to afford, or often genuinely cannot.The establishment of the Ichkeul National Park in northern Tunisia was based primarily on non-use, existence values, but the survival of its wetlands is now threatened by a programme of dam construction. However, the Lake and marshes of Ichkeul have a number of important values and functions. These include livestock grazing on the marshes, the Lake's fisheries, the existing and potential value of the Park as a tourist resource, the role of the rivers in water-table recharge, and the function of the marshes in the ‘free’ treatment of sewage and purification of water. It can be shown that the economic gains from taking measures to prevent degradation of the wetland, namely by releases of water from the dams to maintain the marshes, would outweigh the economic benefits from the use of water in agricultural irrigation, and effectively maintain much of the international significance of the National Park and its surroundings.It is suggested that promotion of conservation in lessdeveloped countries is likely to meet with much greater success if economic arguments, based on a site's usevalues, are given priority in the approach of conservation organizations from developed countries. The significance of non-use values to nationals of the less-developed and many developing countries is still very minor, although, as their living standards improve, such prospects are likely to improve also. In many instances at least, by raising due awareness of the economic use-values of natural systems, it will be possible to provide a good case for a site's conservation.