Abstract
The human microbiome has been proven to contribute to the human condition, both in health and in disease. The metagenomic approach based on next-generation sequencing has challenged the dogma of urine sterility. The human urobiome consists of bacteria and eukaryotic viruses as well as bacteriophages, which potentially represent the key factor. There have been several significant findings with respect to the urobiome in the context of urological disorders. Still, the research on the urobiome in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation remains underrepresented, as does research on the role of the virome in the urinary microbiota. In this review, we present recent findings on the urobiome with a particular emphasis on chronic kidney disease and post-kidney transplantation status. Challenges and opportunities arising from the research on the human urobiome will also be discussed.
Highlights
The microbiome represents the overall set of microorganisms existing in the human body
Wu et al [25] investigated the urobiomes in recipients with decreased allograft function, which was recognized as a 25% increase in creatinine level in relation to 3 months post-transplant baseline
The correlation between interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IFTA) in allograft biopsies and urobiome composition was considered in the study by Modena et al It was stated that Lactobacillus spp. dominated in healthy females and female recipients pre transplant, respectively Streptococcus spp. in analogy to male groups
Summary
The microbiome represents the overall set of microorganisms existing in the human body. The term microbiome has emerged, and this should be understood as referring to the whole set of microbial DNA identified on different phylogenic levels, mirroring the composition of the microbiota in particular niches. Using this methodology, the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was initiated [4]. The significance of the microbiome in different pathologies has quickly become an emergent target for research activity It was first confirmed in terms of gastrointestinal tract and autoimmune diseases, with Crohn’s disease as a major example.
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