Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) remains the most common malignancy of urinary tract. Sex-related differences in BC epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy, and outcomes have been reported. Throughout the recent years, extensive research has been devoted to genetic and molecular alterations in BC. Apart from the molecular background, another related concept which has been speculated to contribute to gender diversities in BC is the role of urinary pathogens in bladder carcinogenesis. Microbiome studies, fueled by the availability of high-throughput DNA-based techniques, have shown that perturbation in the microbiome is associated with various human diseases. The aim of this review is to comprehensively analyze the current literature according to sex-related differences in the microbiome composition in BC.
Highlights
According to the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common and 13th most deadly cancer worldwide
Pronounced differences in BC epidemiology are observed between genders [2]
We aim to review the current knowledge on the urobiome in relation to urinary bladder carcinogenesis with specific focus on gender-related differences
Summary
According to the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common and 13th most deadly cancer worldwide. When adjusted for stage and grade of the disease, outcomes remain worse in females than in their male counterparts [3]. Recent investigations have revealed distinct genetic patterns of BC within particular conventional pathologic grade and stage subgroups [6], and gene related discrepancies may explain at least partially differences in BC biology between sexes, the genetic signature of bladder cancer in females in comparison to males remains unknown. Women are known to be more susceptible to urinary tract infections when compared to their male counterparts and sex-related diversity in urobiome is one of several factors postulated to explain gender differences in bladder cancer biology [7]. We aim to review the current knowledge on the urobiome in relation to urinary bladder carcinogenesis with specific focus on gender-related differences
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