Abstract
BackgroundBiomarkers for the early prediction of canine acute kidney injury (AKI) are clinically important. Recently, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) was found to be a sensitive biomarker for the prediction of human AKI at a very early stage and the development of AKI after surgery. However, NGAL has not yet been studied with respect to dog kidney diseases. The application of NGAL canine AKI was investigated in this study.ResultsThe canine NGAL gene was successfully cloned and expressed. Polyclonal antibodies against canine NGAL were generated and used to develop an ELISA for measuring NGAL protein in serum and urine samples that were collected from 39 dogs at different time points after surgery.AKI was defined by the standard method, namely a serum creatinine increase of greater than or equal to 26.5 μmol/L from baseline within 48 h. At 12 h after surgery, compared to the group without AKI (12 dogs), the NGAL level in the urine of seven dogs with AKI was significantly increased (median 178.4 pg/mL vs. 88.0 pg/mL), and this difference was sustained to 72 h.ConclusionAs the increase in NGAL occurred much earlier than the increase in serum creatinine, urine NGAL seems to be able to serve as a sensitive and specific biomarker for the prediction of AKI in dogs.
Highlights
Biomarkers for the early prediction of canine acute kidney injury (AKI) are clinically important
The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group published RIFLE criteria in which the severity of AKI was graded into Risk, Injury and Failure based on changes in serum creatinine and urine output; using this approach chronic renal failure was classified into the Loss and End stage [2]
AKI is mainly diagnosed based on an elevation in serum creatinine; serum creatinine can be affected by age, gender, muscle mass, and hydration status; it only rises after a loss of renal function greater than 50% [2]
Summary
Biomarkers for the early prediction of canine acute kidney injury (AKI) are clinically important. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) was found to be a sensitive biomarker for the prediction of human AKI at a very early stage and the development of AKI after surgery. The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group published RIFLE criteria in which the severity of AKI was graded into Risk, Injury and Failure based on changes in serum creatinine and urine output; using this approach chronic renal failure was classified into the Loss and End stage [2]. The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) modified these criteria to increase the sensitivity, and recommended. As AKI is important in humans and in veterinary medicine, other biomarkers that can be used to indicate AKI at early state are needed
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