Abstract
This review paper highlights the gaps and problems on source separation of human excreta; implementing and adopting human urine as nutrients for agriculture. The objective of the paper is to appraise the historical context behind the promotion of Urine Diversion Dry Toilet/Eco-san toilet and its relevance in rural Nepalese context. Moreover, it highlights the experiences regarding agricultural perspectives and livelihood by applying human urine as a fertilizer. Furthermore, it helps to understand and analyze the major issues, gaps and problems in acceptance and use of human excreta in Nepalese context for scaling up of its application and its transformation through school education system. Database search based on ‘Free text term’ or key word search was the strategy used to map of all relevant articles from multiple databases; Medline (1987-2018), MeSH (2005-2018), CINAHL (1998-2018) and OvidMedline (1992-2019). For each the outputs were downloaded into RefWorks databases. Specifically, this paper focuses on urine diversion to demonstrate its potential to elegantly separate and collect as nutrients and desire to control pathogens and micro-pollutants help in sanitation. It is recommended that an urgent need to participate community people and school children to disseminate users’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviour concerning the urine diversion toilets.
Highlights
A urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT) is a type of dry toilet with urine diversion that can be used to provide safe, affordable sanitation in a variety of contexts worldwide (Rieck et al, 2012)
Review related to challenges and gaps of eco-san and UDDT both conventional and alternative system found that source separation and reuse of waste fractions have had to encounter of overall sanitation in the world
The UDDT was used by 97% of respondents, there was a low level of acceptance and many aspired to have a flush toilet
Summary
A urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT) is a type of dry toilet with urine diversion that can be used to provide safe, affordable sanitation in a variety of contexts worldwide (Rieck et al, 2012). While dried feces and urine harvested from UDDTs can be and routinely are used in agriculture, many UDDTs installations do not make use of any sort of recovery scheme (McConville & Rosemarin, 2012). The UDDT is an example of a technology that can be used to achieve a sustainable sanitation system This eco-san /UDDT innovation is appropriate where connection to a sewer system and centralized waste water treatment plant is not feasible or desired. This system is more feasible to that place where fertilizer and soil conditioner are needed for agriculture, or groundwater pollution should be minimized
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