Urinary Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites Are Associated with Reduced Lung Function in U.S. Children and Adolescents.

Abstract

(1) Background: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are indoor pollutants absorbed by inhalation. The association of several VOCs with lung function in children and adolescents is unknown. (2) Methods: We analyzed 505 participants, 6-17-year-olds from the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to estimate the associations of VOC metabolites with spirometry outcomes adjusting for covariates. (3) Results: Urinary metabolites of xylene, acrylamide, acrolein, 1,3-butadiene, cyanide, toluene, 1-bromopropane, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, styrene, ethylbenzene, and crotonaldehyde were all detected in ≥64.5% of participants. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % predicted was lower in participants with higher levels of metabolites of acrylamide (β: -7.95, 95% CI: -13.69, -2.21) and styrene (β: -6.33, 95% CI: -11.60, -1.07), whereas the FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio % was lower in children with higher propylene oxide metabolite levels (β: -2.05, 95% CI: -3.49, -0.61). FEV1 % predicted was lower with higher crotonaldehyde metabolite levels only in overweight/obese participants (β: -15.42, 95% CI: -26.76, -4.08) (Pinteraction < 0.001) and with higher 1-bromopropane metabolite levels only in those with serum cotinine > 1 ng/mL (β: -6.26, 95% CI: -9.69, -2.82) (Pinteraction < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: We found novel associations of metabolites for acrylamide, propylene oxide, styrene, 1-bromopropane and crotonaldehyde with lower lung function in children and adolescents.