Abstract

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are among one of the most common infections in women, with uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) being involved in 80% of cases. In addition, E. coli exhibits an increasing resistance to broad spectrum antimicrobial agents as well as the subsequent generations of these drugs. The genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance patterns of both clinical and environmental E. coli isolates were studied to predict the potential of transmission of organisms and genes for antibiotic resistance from three different major eco-habitats including the gut of iguanas’ fresh and marine waters and the human urinary tract. (GTG)5 and BOX-PCR extragenic DNA fingerprinting allowed for the tracking of the relatedness of four different ecotype groups. Both DNA fingerprinting methods targeted non-protein coding or exogenous palindromic DNA and demonstrated shared origin and intraspecies level of genomic diversity within the population of the studied bacteria. DNA fingerprinting based on BOX-PCR was less discriminating than the (GTG)5-PCR, and produced five major clades. BOX-PCR analysis indicated that 44% of the UTI E. coli isolates was comprised within a single clade, therefore it correlated better with ecotype distribution. The (GTG)5 PCR based co-clustering analysis showed that the clinical isolates appeared to have a closer relationship to iguana E. coli isolates than to the fresh and marine water isolates. However, in accordance with the BOX PCR co-clustering analysis, the clinical isolates were most similar to the marine water isolates, followed by the freshwater and iguana E. coli isolates. Seventy two percent of antibiotic resistance patterns were shared by the UTI strains with E. coli isolated from freshwater, followed by iguana.

Highlights

  • E. coli is typically non-pathogenic, some serotypes may play a significant role in intestinal and urethral diseases, which can be linked to the variety of virulence factors it possesses such as Pili type 1, exopolysaccharides, and hemolysins [1]-[4]

  • In compliance with Dendro UPGMA comparison of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) fingerprints based on the Pearson’s coefficient, and co-clustering analysis it was found that 52% (GTG)5 and 44% (BOX) of clinical Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) E. coli isolates were related to iguana E. coli isolates, in accordance with Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively

  • The (GTG)5 DNA markers of wild green iguana isolates were similar to E. coli from UTI urines and from freshwater

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Summary

Introduction

E. coli is typically non-pathogenic, some serotypes may play a significant role in intestinal and urethral diseases, which can be linked to the variety of virulence factors it possesses such as Pili type 1, exopolysaccharides, and hemolysins [1]-[4]. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the most prominent pathogenic agent resulting in over 80% of UTI infections [5] [6]. E. coli exhibits an increasing resistance to broad spectrum antimicrobial agents as well as the subsequent generations of these drugs [7]-[10]. The genetic diversity and genome plasticity of E. coli contributes to it pathogenicity, virulence and adaptation [11]. Within a group of clonal populations, a diverse genetic makeup may replicate [12]. Some human hosts display the dominant UPEC strain in both their urine and feces, which are the same throughout all three recurrent UTIs, while other hosts exhibit different E. coli clonal adaptation through the recurrent infections [13]. E. coli demonstrated diversity among the different strains in different ecological settings [9]

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