Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most frequent pregnancy complications with potential adverse outcomes for mothers and newborns. Its effects on the newborn appear during the neonatal period or early childhood. Therefore, an early diagnosis is crucial to prevent the development of chronic diseases later in adult life. In this study, the urinary metabolome of babies born to GDM mothers was characterized. In total, 144 neonatal and maternal (second and third trimesters of pregnancy) urinary samples were analyzed using targeted metabolomics, combining liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and flow injection analysis mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS) techniques. We provide here the neonatal urinary concentration values of 101 metabolites for 26 newborns born to GDM mothers and 22 newborns born to healthy mothers. The univariate analysis of these metabolites revealed statistical differences in 11 metabolites. Multivariate analyses revealed a differential metabolic profile in newborns of GDM mothers characterized by dysregulation of acylcarnitines, amino acids, and polyamine metabolism. Levels of hexadecenoylcarnitine (C16:1) and spermine were also higher in newborns of GDM mothers. The maternal urinary metabolome revealed significant differences in butyric, isobutyric, and uric acid in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. These metabolic alterations point to the impact of GDM in the neonatal period.
Highlights
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined as hyperglycemia during gestation [1], is the most frequent medical complication in pregnancy, affecting 7–10% of all pregnancies worldwide [2]
Despite most urinary metabolite concentrations of all newborns included in the present work being within the normal range, as documented earlier [10], our results showed a differential profile in the urinary levels of some amino acids, polyamines, and carnitines among newborns of GDM mothers
Concentration values of 101 metabolites detected in the urine of newborns collected within the first 24 h of life were available for analyses
Summary
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined as hyperglycemia during gestation [1], is the most frequent medical complication in pregnancy, affecting 7–10% of all pregnancies worldwide [2]. GDM has been associated with various adverse outcomes both in mothers and newborns. Women with GDM are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), mainly 3–6 years after delivery, and their offspring is at higher risk of becoming overweight and obese [3]. The metabolic abnormalities associated with GDM include increased insulin resistance and β-cell defects, which can occur before conception, especially in populations with a high prevalence of obesity and T2D. Studies comparing the metabolic profiles of women with GDM and their offspring are still scarce
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