Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) exhibit neurodevelopmental toxicity. To evaluate the effect of prenatal exposure to OPPs in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, a nationally representative birth cohort study, 4575 maternal urine samples were analysed for six OPP metabolites, i.e., dialkylphosphates (DAPs). This study aimed to investigate predictors of urinary DAPs using machine learning approaches and to assess the cumulative risk based on relative potency factors among Japanese pregnant women. The median creatinine-normalised urinary concentrations (interquartile ranges) of dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate and diethylphosphate, which had a detection rate of 50% or higher, were 3.53 (1.91–6.78), 4.09 (1.66–10.8) and 3.28 (1.88–5.98) µg/g-creatinine, respectively. Possible predictors of urinary DAP concentrations were the month of urine sampling, consumption of apple and maternal body mass index. When fenitrothion was used as an index chemical for cumulative risk assessment, 0.36% of participants exceeded the lower 95% confidence limit of the benchmark dose10.
Highlights
Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are irreversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and used worldwide as insecticides; they exhibit brain developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity [1,2]
This study aimed to investigate possible predictors of urinary OPP metabolite concentrations among Japanese pregnant women and to conduct a cumulative risk assessment for exposure to a mixture of
This study found that urinary DAP concentrations of pregnant women were lower than in previous studies [3,6,48,49,50,51,52]
Summary
Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are irreversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and used worldwide as insecticides; they exhibit brain developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity [1,2]. Increasing numbers of epidemiological studies have demonstrated the impacts of OPPs on neurodevelopment in children [3,4,5]. Some studies reported that human exposure to OPPs is associated with the season; intake of certain food items, such as vegetables (tomato and sweet pepper), fruits (apple, banana, citrus, kiwi and apricot), beans, bread and drinking water; and the use of pesticides in workplaces [7,8,9]. In Japan, the OPPs most frequently used in agricultural and residential areas are fenitrothion, acephate and diazinon [12]. Their maximum residue limits are higher in Japan than in European Union countries [13]. Use of OPPs has gradually decreased in Japan [14]
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