Urinary biomarker of late pregnancy exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products and ultrasound measures of fetal growth in Wuhan, China

Abstract

BackgroundDisinfection by-products (DBPs) have been shown to be reproductive and developmental toxicity. However, few studies examine the effect of prenatal exposure to DBPs on fetal growth via ultrasound measures. ObjectiveTo investigate the associations between maternal exposure to DBPs during late pregnancy and ultrasound measures of fetal growth. MethodsWe included 332 pregnant women who presented to a hospital to wait for delivery in Wuhan, China. Ultrasound parameters of fetal growth including femur length (FL), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and biparietal diameter (BPD) were assessed. We measured maternal TCAA concentrations in first morning urine collected from late pregnancy as a biomarker of in utero DBP exposure levels. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the associations between maternal urinary TCAA concentrations during late pregnancy and ultrasound parameters of fetal growth. ResultsWe found that elevated maternal creatinine (Cr)-adjusted urinary TCAA levels had negative associations with BPD, HC and FL in boys but not in girls (P interaction = 0.04, 0.05 and 0.08, respectively). Male fetal BPD, HC and FL had decreases of 0.21 cm (95% CI: −0.35, −0.07; P for trend = 0.003), 0.46 cm (95% CI: −0.81, −0.10; P for trend = 0.01) and 0.17 cm (95% CI: −0.30, −0.04; P for trend = 0.01) for the highest vs. lowest tertile of Cr-adjusted urinary TCAA, respectively. These negative associations persisted for maternal Cr-adjusted urinary TCAA concentrations modeled as continuous variables. ConclusionThe results from our study suggest that maternal exposure to TCAA during late pregnancy may have adverse effects on male fetal growth.