Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in acute Myocardial Infarction.

Fernando Freitas,Mariele Charão,Solange Garcia,Iran Castro,Sabrina Nascimento,Natália Brucker,Paulo Saldiva,Flávia Thiesen,Elisa Sauer,Juliano Durgante,Rachel Bulcão,Marília Baierle,Marcelo Zimmer,Guilherme Bubols,Angela Moro,Bruna Gauer

doi:10.3390/ijerph110909024

Abstract

Several studies have associated exposure to environmental pollutants, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Considering that 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is the major biomarker of exposure to pyrenes, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential association between 1-OHP and oxidative stress/inflammatory biomarkers in patients who had suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). After adopting the exclusion criteria, 58 post-infarction patients and 41 controls were sub-divided into smokers and non-smokers. Urinary 1-OHP, hematological and biochemical parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx and exogenous antioxidants) and the inflammatory biomarker (hs-CRP) were analyzed. 1-OHP levels were increased in post-infarct patients compared to controls (p < 0.05) and were correlated to MDA (r = 0.426, p < 0.01), CAT (r = 0.474, p < 0.001) and β-carotene (r = −0.309; p < 0.05) in non-smokers. Furthermore, post-infarction patients had elevated hs-CRP, MDA, CAT and GPx levels compared to controls for both smokers and non-smokers. Besides, β-carotene levels and SOD activity were decreased in post-infarction patients. In summary, our findings indicate that the exposure to pyrenes was associated to lipid damage and alterations of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, demonstrating that PAHs contribute to oxidative stress and are associated to acute myocardial infarction.

Highlights

Environmental factors are considered important in the development of cardiovascular diseases, along with well-established risk factors such as lifestyle habits, including smoking, diet and exercise, which strongly influence the risk of developing coronary heart disease [1,2]
In contrast to other works, this study showed that the MDA levels were positively associated with 1-OHP, which demonstrated that high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure contribute to the increase lipid oxidation
Our results demonstrate a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in post-infarction patients

Summary

Introduction

Environmental factors are considered important in the development of cardiovascular diseases, along with well-established risk factors such as lifestyle habits, including smoking, diet and exercise, which strongly influence the risk of developing coronary heart disease [1,2]. Organization, the exposure to air pollution results in an estimated 7 million deaths each year. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter (PM) in the environment is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Emissions from vehicles contain a heterogeneous mixture of hazardous substances. The important fraction of air pollution in this context is particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm in size (PM2.5). These fine particles are released and derived from combustion processes, cigarette smoke, vehicles, industries or power plants [6]. PM2.5 contains different elements and toxic compounds such as toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed to its surface [7,8]

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