Abstract
Physicians have examined urine for over 6000 years. Urine microscopy was first employed to diagnose kidney disease in the seventeenth century and remains an indispensable tool. The value of urinalysis for diagnosis and management of renal and genitourinary disease is well accepted. Urinalysis aids in the diagnosis of renal disease especially in cases when a renal biopsy is not immediately available or is contraindicated. It is most informative when done by the treating physician with knowledge of the clinical context. Inspection is done by eye. Routine chemical analysis is done by dipstick but urine microscopy is essential for it may reveal abnormalities even when chemical evaluation is normal. Dysmorphic red cells, red cell casts, white blood cells, renal cells, and specific crystals may be diagnostically important. Urinalysis and microscopy can narrow the differential diagnosis faster than many more complex tests are able to.
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