Ureteral Avulsion Associated with Transurethral Lithotripsy for Ureteral Stones: A High-Volume Case Series

Abstract

Background: The present study was conducted to report the incidence rate of ureteral avulsion and its management in two referral medical centers.
 Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a total of 36683 transurethral lithotripsy procedures performed during 17 years. All ureteral avulsions were also included in the current study as an intraoperative complication of Transurethral Lithotripsy (TUL). Data including stone location, avulsion site and management details were recorded.
 Results: Fourteen cases of complete ureteral avulsion had occurred in the study period (0.038%), consisting of 8 healthy males and 6 healthy females aged 26 to 73 years (mean age: 50 yrs). Out of these 14 cases, 7 cases had distal ureteral avulsion and seven others had proximal ureteral avulsion. Six cases of distal ureteral avulsion had been promptly treated by the reimplant method whereas immediate nephrectomy had been performed in the remaining case due to a history of poor condition of the renal unit. Proximal ureteral avulsions had been treated by combined Boari flap-psoas hitch procedures with renal mobilization in 3 cases, the autotransplant method in another 3 and by ileal interposition in one case.
 Conclusion: Although the present study is a case series which is normally classified as low level of evidence, it seems that both autotransplant and combined Boari flap-psoas hitch procedures with renal mobilization are safe and feasible techniques for the management of full-length complete ureteral injury.