Urbanization Detection Using LiDAR-Based Remote Sensing Images of Azad Kashmir Using Novel 3D CNNs

Abstract

An important measurable indicator of urbanization and its environmental implications has been identified as the urban impervious surface. It presents a strategy based on three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3D CNNs) for extracting urbanization from the LiDAR datasets using deep learning technology. Various 3D CNN parameters are tested to see how they affect impervious surface extraction. For urban impervious surface delineation, this study investigates the synergistic integration of multiple remote sensing datasets of Azad Kashmir, State of Pakistan, to alleviate the restrictions imposed by single sensor data. Overall accuracy was greater than 95% and overall kappa value was greater than 90% in our suggested 3D CNN approach, which shows tremendous promise for impervious surface extraction. Because it uses multiscale convolutional processes to combine spatial and spectral information and texture and feature maps, we discovered that our proposed 3D CNN approach makes better use of urbanization than the commonly utilized pixel-based support vector machine classifier. In the fast-growing big data era, image analysis presents significant obstacles, yet our proposed 3D CNNs will effectively extract more urban impervious surfaces.