Abstract
Abstract. Urbanisation creates immense competition for space, this may be attributed to an increase in population owing to domestic and external tourism. Most cities are constantly exploring all avenues in maximising its limited space. Hence, urban or city authorities need to plan, expand and use such three dimensional (3D) space above, on and below the city space. Thus, difficulties in property ownership and the geometric representation of the 3D city space is a major challenge. This research, investigates the concept of representing a geometric topological 3D spatial model capable of representing 3D volume parcels for man-made constructions above and below the 3D surface volume parcel. A review of spatial data models suggests that the 3D TIN (TEN) model is significant and can be used as a unified model. The concepts, logical and physical models of 3D TIN for 3D volumes using tetrahedrons as the base geometry is presented and implemented to show man-made constructions above and below the surface parcel within a user friendly graphical interface. Concepts for 3D topology and 3D analysis are discussed. Simulations of this model for 3D cadastre are implemented. This model can be adopted by most countries to enhance and streamline geometric 3D property ownership for urban centres. 3D TIN concept for spatial modelling can be adopted for the LA_Spatial part of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) (ISO/TC211, 2012), this satisfies the concept of 3D volumes.
Highlights
Urbanization is the concentration or migration of the inhabitants of a country to an area where socio-economic activities are high, such cities are usually planned with unique landmarks that make such places become tourist centres
Different spatial data models have been proposed by different researchers for 3D GIS, these spatial data models are different in presentation, usage and application
Researchers are required to start thinking of a unified spatial model that cuts across all possible applications with the following characteristics: the model should be understandable, easy to use and with proven sound mathematical background
Summary
Urbanization is the concentration or migration of the inhabitants of a country to an area where socio-economic activities are high, such cities are usually planned with unique landmarks that make such places become tourist centres. Spatial objects are features that can be located on the surface of the Earth, within a region and a country. In this research topological directional adjacency is considered to exploit the concept of above, beside CityGML supports the modelling of underground buildings and tunnels but the integration of the above, on and below objects has not been achieved Standards such as CityGML, GeoSciML and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) has been developed for 3D spatial artificial and natural features above and below the Earth’s surface, these features have not been integrated due to challenges in geometric, topologic and semantic heterogeneities. The integration of these standards is under consideration by OGC (2013)
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