Abstract
As one of the most effective traffic demand management opinions, congestion pricing can reduce private car travel demand and the associated carbon dioxide emissions. First, we summarized the status quo of transport carbon dioxide emission charges and congestion pricing, and then, we analyzed the characteristics of urban transport carbon dioxide emissions. Then, we proposed a (pricing) framework in which carbon emission costs would be considered as part of the generalized cost of travel. Based on this framework, this paper developed a bi-level mathematical model to optimize consumer surplus, using congestion and carbon emission charges as the control variables. A dissect search algorithm was used to solve the bi-level program model, and a numerical example was given to illustrate the methodology. This paper incorporates the emission pricing into the congestion pricing model, while considering two modes, and puts forward suitable proposals for the implementation of an urban traffic congestion pricing policy in China.
Highlights
With rapid social and economic development, urbanization improves people’s living standards.at the same time, it leads to a rapid increase in the urban traffic demand
To relieve urban traffic congestion and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, we propose an integrated pricing strategy where carbon emission costs are considered as part of the generalized traveler costs
The congestion pricing model ignores non-motorized travel modes, such as walking and bicycle; the paper only considers car trips and bus travel in the model building process and ignores the traveling status impact between them; (2) The travel mode and the path of all travelers are the most economical, which means that they choose the least cost mode and route; (3) The period of the proposed model is the morning or evening peak period of urban traffic and considers the traffic demand as a known deterministic demand; (4) The paper uses the generalized cost function to calculate the travel costs (as shown in Formulas (2) and (3)); (5) The link travel time function is the BPR (Bureau of Public Roads) function developed by the American Road Bureau [31]
Summary
With rapid social and economic development, urbanization improves people’s living standards. It is estimated that if we rank the typical modes in the urban passenger transport system according to their carbon dioxide emissions intensity, from high to low, the corresponding sequence is taxi, private car, motorcycle, bus, bus rapid transit, rail transportation, bicycle and walking. Categories [7]; as one of the push measures, congestion pricing makes travelers cut car use and turn to public transport and bicycle modes [8,9,10], and reduces the external costs of urban passenger transportation, including traffic congestion, air pollutant emissions and incidents [11,12,13]. To relieve urban traffic congestion and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, we propose an integrated pricing strategy where carbon emission costs are considered as part of the generalized traveler costs.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
