Abstract
Urban water resources are the basis for the formation and development of cities and the source of urban water supply. However, with the acceleration of urbanization and the explosion of urban populations, the contradiction between water supply and demand in some areas, especially in big cities, has become increasingly prominent. It is simply not sufficient to rely on local conventional water resources to meet urban water demand, and a single source water supply mode has a higher vulnerability, resulting in greater safety risks in urban or regional water supply systems. Therefore, giving full play to the water supply capacity and carrying out multi-source water supplies are necessary and urgent. This paper gives an overview of the optimal allocation of multi-source for urban water supply concerning variation tendency, modeling methods and facing challenges. Based on the variation tendency of water consumption and water supply pattern in China, Tianjin is taken as a typical city for systematically outlining water supply changes and cause analysis. Subsequently, the modeling methods for proposing the optimal allocation scheme are summarized, which are composed of defining the topological relation, constructing the mathematical model and seeking the optimal solution. Ultimately, the current and emerging challenges are discussed including emergency operation of multi-source water supply and joint operation of water quality and quantity. These summaries and prospects provide a valuable reference for giving full play to the multi-source water supply capacity and carrying out relevant research so as to propose the optimal allocation scheme in urban multi-source water supply systems.
Highlights
Water is an essential natural resource for the sustainable economic and social development and, more importantly, for the human survival and development [1]
It is not sufficient to rely on a single water resource to meet urban water demand and a multi-source water supply has become significant means to handle contradiction between water supply and demand in water shortage cities
This paper gives an overview of the optimal allocation of multi-source systems for urban water supplies concerning variation tendency, modeling methods and facing challenges
Summary
Water is an essential natural resource for the sustainable economic and social development and, more importantly, for the human survival and development [1]. Apart from the low per capita availability of water resources, there is a mismatch between the spatial distribution of water resources and geographic regions with high population densities, especially in north China where water resources are scarce [6]. Groundwater is an indispensable source of water supply in some inland areas where water shortage is severe, and 35%–50% or so of water supply in north China comes from groundwater [13]. The rational development and utilization of above water resources can provide a variety of water sources on the one hand, and improve the urban water-supply guarantee rate on the other hand. Groundwater as a water source has good quality and high water-supply guarantee rate, but it is difficult to recover once overexploited [19]. This paper discusses the current challenges of urban multi-source water supply in China
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