Urban growth sustainability of Islamabad, Pakistan, over the last 3\xa0decades: a perspective based on object-based backdating change detection

Abstract

Urban growth copes with problems in sustainable development. In developing countries, particularly, sustainable development of urban growth copes with severe challenges with respect to sluggish economic and social growth, population boom, environmental deterioration, unemployment, slums and so on. Time series of remote sensing data provide critical support on sustainability assessment. However, the urban spatial extend cannot be accurately extracted from land cover data. Targeting the urban growth and its sustainability in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, this study extracts urban area from four periods of Landsat images between 1990 and 2018 using an innovative object-based backdating change detection method and two criteria for extracting urban land from impervious surface. We prove that impervious surface cover and urban area increased 273.10% and 426.21%, respectively, over the last 3 decades. We identify five factors playing important role in urban growth: population, transportation systems, master planning, industrial and real estate development, and neighbor urban effect. In this study, we assess the socio-economic sustainability associated with slum growth and census data, and the environmental sustainability in relation to the variations of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in forest areas. We found that slums increased with the corresponding growth of urban area and population, reflecting sluggish economic increase in Islamabad. We found that the area of woodland increased 9.29%, but its NDVI decreased from 0.668 to 0.551, implying a deteriorative trend of environmental condition.