Abstract
Interest in nature-based approaches for climate change adaptation in cities is growing. Whilst there is a growing field of scholarship in a European and North America setting, research on the policy and governance of urban greenspace for climate adaptation in subtropical Asia is limited. Given the different development patterns, environmental characteristics and governance arrangements in subtropical cities, plus their comparatively large population and high climate risk, this is a significant knowledge gap. In response, this paper evaluates competences – skill sets, capabilities, and supporting policy and legislation – to enact adaptation through greenspace across different governance contexts; and assesses how international rhetoric on nature-based adaptation becomes localised to subtropical Asian city settings. We conduct interviews with stakeholders, plus review of relevant policy and city-specific research, for three cities with different governance and development contexts: Hanoi (Vietnam); Taipei (Taiwan); and Fukuoka (Japan). Across all three cases, we find that institutional structures and processes for connecting different remits and knowledge systems are a bigger challenge than a lack of appropriate policy or individuals with the required technical knowledge. However, opportunities for civil society participation and consideration of justice issues vary between the cities according to the socio-political context. These findings illustrate the value of individuals and organisations able to work across institutional boundaries in linking greenspace and adaptation agendas for subtropical Asian cities; and the importance of competence in collaboration with developers and civil society so that the rapid development or regeneration seen in subtropical Asian contexts does not tend towards green climate gentrification. More broadly, our findings show that the diverse nature of subtropical Asian cities means the role of greenspace in climate adaptation is likely to be context-specific, and thus that caution must be exercised against uncritically importing best practices from exemplar cases elsewhere.
Highlights
Amidst interest in cities as sites for climate resilience and sustain ability action, recent years have seen significant research, policy and practice discussion on urban nature-based solutions as a response to contemporary environmental and social challenges
We evaluated climate change adaptation via green space in three subtropical Asian cities with different governance and development contexts – Hanoi, Taipei, and Fukuoka
We used the lens of competences, which we interpreted as city governments and the individuals working within them having both the skill sets and the policies and legislation to reach greenspace adaptation decisions appropriate to the trajectory of the locality
Summary
Amidst interest in cities as sites for climate resilience and sustain ability action, recent years have seen significant research, policy and practice discussion on urban nature-based solutions as a response to contemporary environmental and social challenges. Their urban populations range from approximately 2.5 million to 8.6 million; and the cities are rated from Alpha (Taipei) through to Beta (Hanoi) and Sufficiency (Fukuoka) on the Globalisation and World Cities (GaWC) 2018 rankings (Globalisation and World Cities Research Network, 2018). Looking to three cities spanning different governance systems and development stages, which are all starting to address adaptation challenges via urban greening, can contribute to the emerging conceptual challenge of understanding how international rhetoric on nature-based adaptation becomes local ised into different contexts which may be ‘off the map’ of prominent work to date at the science-policy interface (Chang et al, 2020; Shi, 2020)
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