Urban Form, Growth, and Accessibility in Space and Time: Anatomy of Land Use at the Parcel-Level in a Small to Medium-Sized American City

Long Zhou,Yao Wu,Robert Brown,Guoqiang Shen,Chenyu Wang,Tian Chen

doi:10.3390/su10124572

Long Zhou, Yao Wu + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124572

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Abstract

Using the City of Corvallis, Oregon, a small to medium sized American city, as a test-bed, this paper examines the City’s urban growth in relation to urban accessibility. This relationship is explored in an anatomic spatial-temporal fashion, taking account of: the number and size of developed land use parcels over time; urban accessibility from residential to non-residential land use areas; and the statistical relationships between urban form and urban accessibility. This investigation of land use is structured around use-classification and examined within a range of dimensional and demographic measurements over 5-year time periods from 1853 to 2014; concurrently, urban accessibility is measured by the least-cost path distance as calculated through the OD cost matrix analysis in GIS. The results indicate that the city grew spatially at different rates and its urban accessibility experienced both ups and downs over time. The city’s population growth corresponded closely with urban growth and its decreasing population density negatively impacted on the city’s urban accessibility to commerce, industry, and office for most time periods. Significantly, while the urban density increased steadily after 1950s concurrent with an increase in urban sprawl, in contrast to previous studies on the metropolitan condition, the urban density had no evident impact on urban accessibility in Corvallis. Instead, increasing the land-use mix was a more effective and feasible approach to reduce urban travel path distance and enhance accessibility than increasing population density or urban development density. Accordingly, this research provides evidence-based policy recommendations for planning sustainable urban mobility and urban form in small to medium-sized cities.

Highlights

Urbanization has been altering human settlements drastically since the beginning of the 20th century [1]
It is predicted that the urban travel distances (UTD) in 2020 will be three times of that in 2000 as urban growth continues [5]
With the detailed parcel data on the developed land of Corvallis, a typical small to medium-sized city in the United States, this paper studies the City’s urban form, growth, accessibility in time and in space

Summary

Introduction

Urbanization has been altering human settlements drastically since the beginning of the 20th century [1]. With the detailed parcel data on the developed land of Corvallis, a typical small to medium-sized city in the United States, this paper studies the City’s urban form, growth, accessibility in time (from its birth to its present day) and in space (with respect to its current urban growth boundary). This is advanced by investigating urban growth and urban form at the land-use and parcel levels, calculating accessibilities from residence to other land-uses for all historical periods, and establishing strong statistical relationships for these built urban features; these parameters are the focus here as each contributes to the improvement of the urban accessibility and the sustainable planning and design of the urban spatial-temporal structures in the small to medium-sized cities

Material and Methodology

Study Area

Urban Accessibility Model

Correlation and Regression Models for Urban Form and Accessibility

Urban Growth Patterns and Accessibility Changes