Abstract
The ecological view in urban forestry evolved from diverse roots beginning over 100 years ago and is currently expressed in formal programs of research and practice. Among the most useful concepts in urban forest ecology are structure, function, diversity, dominance, mosaic-gradients, and ecosystems. These concepts assist in understanding changes in ecological states that produce changes in the distribution of benefits and costs. The ecological history of urban forestry provides these concepts as points of departure for two special issues of the Journal of Arboriculture devoted to the Sacramento urban forest ecosystem. Keywords: concepts, ecological history.
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