Abstract
Since past century, vector-borne diseases have been a major public health concern in several states of Mexico. However, Mexico City continues to be free of endemic mosquito-borne viral diseases. The city is the most important politic and economic state of Mexico and one of the most important city of Latin America. Its subtropical highland climate and high elevation (2240 masl) had historically made the occurrence of Aedes species unlikely. However, the presence of other potential disease vectors (Culex spp, Culiseta spp), and the current intermittent introductions of Aedes aegypti, have revealed that control programs must adopt routine vector surveillance in the city. In this study, we provide an updated species list from a five-years of vector surveillance performed in Mexico City. A total of 18,553 mosquito larvae were collected. Twenty-two species from genus Culex, Aedes, Culiseta, Anopheles, Lutzia and Uranotaenia were observed. Nine new mosquito records for the city were found. Ae. albopictus was recorded for the first time in Mexico City. Interestingly, a new record, Ae. epactius was the most frequent species reported. Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus exhibited the highest number of individuals collected. We detected six areas which harbor the highest mosquito species records in the city. Cemeteries included 68.9% of our collection sites. Temporarily ponds showed the highest species diversity. We detected an increasing presence of Ae. aegypti, which was detected for three consecutive years (2015–2017), predominantly in the warmer microclimates of the city. We found a possible correlation between increasing temperature and Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus expanding range. This study provides a starting point for developing strategies related to environmental management for mosquito control. The promotion of mosquito control practices through community participation, mass media and education programmes in schools should be introduced in the city.
Highlights
Between 225–247 species of mosquitoes from 20 genera are known to occur in the 32 states of Mexico [1,2]
Previous surveys [4,6,7,8,9,10] had reported the presence of other competent arbovirus vectors including Culex, Culiseta and Ochlerotatus species, indicating that vector surveillance and control programs should adopt a routine monitoring and surveillance scheme in the city
Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Culex stigmatosoma, Culiseta particeps and Culex pinarocampa were the most frequent species collected in the city
Summary
Between 225–247 species of mosquitoes from 20 genera are known to occur in the 32 states of Mexico [1,2]. Only Mexico City and the state of Tlaxcala remain without the endemic presence of Aedes spp mosquitoes. Far, both states continue to be free of endemic mosquito-borne viral diseases. Is a destination and point of departure of most international flights, including those which use the city as a stopover from Central and South America, the US and Europe. It is the most urbanized and populous city of the country (8,985,339 people) with a relative small area (1485.5 km2) [4]. These altitude and climate characteristics of the region have historically made the occurrence of Aedes spp. unlikely. Previous surveys [4,6,7,8,9,10] had reported the presence of other competent arbovirus vectors including Culex, Culiseta and Ochlerotatus species, indicating that vector surveillance and control programs should adopt a routine monitoring and surveillance scheme in the city
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