Abstract
Vitamins D have various biological activities, as well as intestinal calcium absorption. There has been recent concern about insufficient vitamin D intake. In addition to vitamins D2 and D3, there are lesser-known vitamins D4–D7. We synthesized vitamins D5–D7, which are not commercially available, and then evaluated and compared the mixed micelles-solubilized vitamins D uptake by Caco-2 cells. Except for vitamin D5, the uptake amounts of vitamins D4–D7 by differentiated Caco-2 cells were similar to those of vitamins D2 and D3. The facilitative diffusion rate in the ezetimibe inhibited pathway was approximately 20% for each vitamin D type, suggesting that they would pass through the pathway at a similar rate. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhanced each vitamin D uptake by approximately 2.5-fold. Lysophosphatidylcholine showed an enhancing effect on vitamin D uptake by reducing the intercellular barrier formation of Caco-2 cells by reducing cellular cholesterol, suggesting that increasing the uptakes of vitamins D and/or co-ingesting them with lysophosphatidylcholine, would improve vitamin D insufficiency. The various biological activities in the activated form of vitamins D4–D7 were estimated by Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) online simulation. These may have some biological activities, supporting the potential as nutritional components.
Highlights
Vitamin D is required for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus and has an important role in maintaining homeostasis of bone
To investigate the intestinal absorption of six types of vitamin D, which were commercially available vitamins D2 –D4 and organically synthesized vitamins D5 –D7, we evaluated and compared the uptake of vitamin D solubilized in mixed micelles composed of taurocholate, monoacylglycerol, fatty acid, and phospholipid by intestinal model Caco-2 cells. (ii): Enhancing the intestinal absorption of vitamin D that is, adopting an efficient absorption method, even if the intake opportunity is small, would help prevent vitamin D deficiency
To investigate the possibility of increasing the chance of vitamin D ingestion, we assumed the intestinal absorption of vitamins D4 –D7 in addition to vitamins D2 and D3 and compared the uptake characteristics of these vitamins D solubilized in mixed micelles by using an intestinal cell model with differentiated Caco-2 cells
Summary
Vitamin D is required for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus and has an important role in maintaining homeostasis of bone. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets for children and osteomalacia for adults. Geographical and seasonal factors are well known to limit the biosynthesis of vitamin. In high latitudes > 35, the irradiation intensity of sunlight. Sunscreen with a high sun protection factor significantly inhibits vitamin D3 biosynthesis regardless of latitude, even in summer [2]. Aging causes a decrease in the ability to produce 7-dehydrocholesterol, a vitamin D3 precursor [3]. UV reportedly can induce skin cancer [4], wrinkle formation [5,6,7], macular degeneration of the retina, and cataracts [8], suggesting that a vitamin D supply that is too dependent on sunlight may cause vitamin D deficiency due to habits, lifestyle, geography, and aging
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