Uptake of Nanotitania by Gingival Epithelial Cells Promotes Inflammatory Response and Is Accelerated by Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide: An In Vitro Study.

Shiho Sugawara,Minoru Sasaki,Hidemichi Kihara,Shu Sato,Masayuki Taira,Taichi Ishikawa,Hisatomo Kondo

doi:10.3390/ijms22158084

Shiho Sugawara, Minoru Sasaki + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158084

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Abstract

Titanium is often used in the medical field and in dental implants due to its biocompatibility, but it has a high rate of leading to peri-implantitis, which progresses faster than periodontitis. Therefore, in the present study, the expression of cytokines from gingival epithelial cells by nanotitania was investigated, which is derived from titanium in the oral cavity, and the additional effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis (periodontopathic bacteria) lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) was investigated. Ca9-22 cells were used as a gingival epithelial cell model and were cultured with nanotitania alone or with PgLPS. Cytokine expression was examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, cellular uptake of nanotitania was observed in scanning electron microscopy images. The expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 significantly increased in Ca9-22 cells by nanotitania treatment alone, and the expression was further increased by the presence of PgLPS. Nanotitania was observed to phagocytose Ca9-22 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, when the expression of IL-11, related to bone resorption, was investigated, a significant increase was confirmed by stimulation with nanotitania alone. Therefore, nanotitania could be associated with the onset and exacerbation of peri-implantitis, and the presence of periodontal pathogens may worsen the condition. Further clinical reports are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Highlights

Dental implants provide structural, functional and aesthetic treatment, using artificial tooth roots instead of the original teeth that may be lost due to tooth decay, periodontal disease, trauma, tumors or a congenital reason
The present study investigated the effects of inflammatory cytokine expression in human gingival epithelial cell lines (Ca9-22) by both bacterial cellular components (PgLPS) and nanotitania, which are common in peri-implantitis and periodontitis
The uptake of nanotitania by pinocytosis in the present study has a negative effect on the body and may contribute to the development and exacerbation of peri-implantitis

Summary

Introduction

Functional and aesthetic treatment, using artificial tooth roots (dental implants) instead of the original teeth that may be lost due to tooth decay, periodontal disease, trauma, tumors or a congenital reason. Accidental symptoms and complications in dental implant treatment include nerve damage, maxillary sinusitis, foreign matter insertion in the maxillary sinus, abnormal bleeding [1,2,3] and peri-implantitis. Though it is influenced by its definition, there is a report that the incidence of peri-implantitis is 28–56% [4,5]. Natural teeth are maintained in the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, whereas dental implants are mainly maintained by osteointegration between the alveolar bone and the implant. There is a difference in the structure of the tissue that maintains implants and natural teeth [6]

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