Uptake and distribution of the inorganic components NH4+ and NO3− in PM2.5 by two Chinese conifers

Abstract

Plants can effectively purify PM2.5 in the air, thereby improving air quality. Understanding the mechanisms of the uptake and distribution of PM2.5 in plants is crucial for enhancing their ecological benefits. In this study, the uptake and distribution of the water-soluble inorganic compounds ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) ions in PM2.5 by the two native Chinese conifers Manchurian red pine (Pinus tabuliformis) and Bunge's pine (P. bungeana) were investigated using a one-time aerosol treatment method combined with 15N tracing. The results showed the following: (1) Plants can efficiently uptake NH4+ (0.08–0.21 μg/g) and NO3− (0.03–0.68 μg/g) from PM2.5. Manchurian red pine uptakes these compounds more effectively with increases of 2.01-fold for NH4+ and 1.02-fold for NO3− compared with Bunge's pine. (2) The aboveground organs of the plants uptake and distribute more 15N than the belowground organs. The branches had the highest unit mass uptake (0.08–1.60 μg/g) and rate of distribution (16.91–53.60 %) for NH4+, while the leaves had the highest unit mass uptake (0.15–1.18 μg/g) and rate of distribution (50.78–84.88 %) for NO3−. (3) The ability of the aboveground organs to uptake 15N is influenced by the concentration of PM2.5, which showed an overall increase with increasing concentrations with some fluctuations in specific organs. However, the belowground organs were not affected by the concentration of PM2.5. (4) A larger specific leaf area, root-shoot ratio, branch biomass ratio, coarse root biomass ratio, and lower trunk biomass ratio favors the uptake of NH4+ from PM2.5, whereas these traits had a minimal influence on the uptake of NO3−. Manchurian red pine uptaked significantly more NH4+ compared with Bunge's pine, which benefited from the traits described above. These findings further revealed the mechanism of PM2.5 uptake by plants and its relationship with PM2.5 concentration and plant traits, and provided a scientific basis for how to effectively utilize plants to reduce PM2.5 pollution and purify the environment in areas with different pollution concentrations.