Abstract
The groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) interaction (SW-GW) through the hyporheic zone is a significant component in sustainable water resource management. The complexities in SW-GW interactions increase from a local to a regional scale and are affected by variation in hydraulic, hydrologic, and hydrogeologic (3H) processes. Controlling factors and their upscaling of these processes to assess SW-GW interaction have not been addressed sufficiently in previous studies. Additionally, it is unclear what the effective factors are at different scales during the upscaling. Therefore, the present review focused on controlling factors of 3H processes in SW-GW interaction and their upscaling techniques. Relevancy of controlling factors was identified at different scales. Applications of different approaches and their uncertainties were also discussed for the characterization of SW-GW interactions. The study revealed that the improved data from different approaches is crucial for machine learning training and its application in the SW and GW assessment at local, sub-catchment, and catchment scales. Based on the outcomes, a framework has been proposed to execute modalities of controlling factors using remote sensing, geophysics, and artificial intelligence. The proposed framework could help in handling big data and accurate upscaling for water resource management.
Highlights
The surface and subsurface hydrological exchanges through sediments between nearchannel and in-channel water are known as a hyporheic zone (HZ) [1]
Threefactors factorshave havecontrolled controlledthe the modification channel morphology effect of soil and climatic conditions on the discharge regime; second, variation in channel the effect of soil and climatic conditions on the discharge regime; second, variation in slope according to heterogeneous topography from local to regional scale; third, thethird, imchannel slope according to heterogeneous topography from local to regional scale; pact of sediment properties on streambed erodibility
Upscaling and Role of Effective Factors at Different Scales In surface water (SW)-GW interactions, scales vary from point to regional and their selection depends on the type of study
Summary
The surface and subsurface hydrological exchanges through sediments between nearchannel and in-channel water are known as a hyporheic zone (HZ) [1]. The HZ plays a crucial role in the depletion of dissolved contaminants in channel water, supply nutrients, and energy cycle to river ecology It provides food for biological communities and controls. Determination of a Spatio-temporal SW-GW interaction for a particular setting is a challenging task that is controlled by several factors such as type of SW body, geomorphological, hydrological, topographical, geological, chemical, biological, ecological, and climatological factors [6]. Interpolation of these factors from a small scale to a large scale is a challenging task [7].
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