Ups!... I did it again: unveiling the hidden companion in Upsilon Sagittarii, a unique binary system at a second mass transfer stage

Abstract

ABSTRACT Upsilon Sagittarii is a hydrogen-deficient binary that has been suggested to be in its second stage of mass transfer, after the primary has expanded to become a helium supergiant following core helium exhaustion. A tentative identification of the faint companion in the ultraviolet led to mass estimates of both components that made the helium star in Upsilon Sagittarii a prototypical immediate progenitor of a type Ib/c supernova. However, no consistent model for the complex spectrum has been achieved, casting doubt on this interpretation. In this study, we provide for the first time a composite spectral model that fits the ultraviolet data, and clearly identifies the companion as a rapidly rotating, slowly moving $\approx 7\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ B-type star, unlike previously suggested. The stripped helium supergiant is less luminous than previous estimates, and with an estimated mass of $\lt 1\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ is ruled out as a core-collapse supernova progenitor. We provide a detailed binary evolution scenario that explains the temperature and luminosity of the two components as well as the very low gravity (log g ≈ 1) and extreme hydrogen deficiency of the primary (atmospheric mass fraction XH, 1 ≈ 0.001). The best-fitting model is an intermediate-mass primary ($M_\mathrm{ZAMS,1} \approx 5\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$) with an initial orbital period of a few days, and a secondary that appears to have gained a significant amount of mass despite its high rotation. We conclude that Upsilon Sagittarii is a key system for testing binary evolution processes, especially envelope stripping and mass accretion.