Abstract
This chapter discusses how the agitated cultural and political elite played a central role in the creation of romantic nationalism, an ideology that generated heroic struggles for independence all over Central and Eastern Europe. Romantic national poetry, drama, music, and art successfully propagated the powerful message of freedom and equality. Rapid and successful industrialization, social modernization, and the highest literacy rate in the region made the Czech lands more similar to the West than any other part of it. The Balkans presents an even more specific version of nationalism and nation-building. Between 1794 and 1914, triggered by romantic nationalism and the idea of freedom, a series of uprisings, revolutions, wars, and reforms signaled national awakening and the long task of nation-building in Central and Eastern Europe. The peoples of Central and Eastern Europe had begun their journey on the Western road to modernization.
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