Abstract
An increasing number of metal-based compounds, including arsenic trioxide, auranofin, and cisplatin, have been reported to have antitumor activity. Their beneficial effects are controlled by a transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2). In response to oxidative stress, NRF2 induces the expression of cytoprotective genes. NRF2 protein levels are regulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) via ubiquitination. Bi-chlorodibenzo[c,f][1,5]thiabismocine (compound 3), a bismuth compound, is known for its potent anti-proliferative activity against various cancer cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the effect of compound 3 on NRF2 signaling in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line DLD-1 in terms of cell viability as well as mRNA and protein expression levels of NRF2. Compound 3 upregulated NRF2 protein levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by a marked increase in heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA and protein levels. We observed that brusatol, an NRF2 inhibitor, as well as small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of NRF2 in DLD-1 cells suppressed compound 3-induced HO-1 expression. The anticancer activity of compound 3 was enhanced by compounds that downregulate NRF2. These results suggest that compound 3 upregulates HO-1 via NRF2 activation and that the NRF2-HO-1 pathway is the cellular response to compound 3. We also discovered that compound 3 slightly downregulated KEAP1; thus, NRF2 activation may be associated with KEAP1 modification. Collectively, our results indicate that compound 3 simultaneously activates an anti-oxidative stress pathway, such as NRF2 and HO-1, and a pro-cell death signal in DLD-1 cells. Our findings may provide useful information for the development of a potent anticancer organobismuth(III) compound.
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