Upper Respiratory Complications of Sulfur Mustard (SM) Poisoning

Abstract

Various chemical agents have been used as a war weapon. Sulfur mustard (SM) due to its low cost, easy access and easy manufacture and storage are the most wildly used warfare agents in the world. It was used widely during Iraq-Iran conflict against Iranian troops. SM is a potent alkylating blistering agent that causes low mortality, but it could incapacitate a large number of soldiers in the war. SM exposure may occur in occupational or war exposure. SM can be absorbed from skin, eye, mouth and respiratory and the gastrointestinal systems. Among these organs, respiratory tract and skin are the main susceptible organs for SM intoxication and injury. Upper and lower respiratory tract may be affected by SM, however the acute and chronic effects of SM in upper respiratory tract has been less studied and most of studies have focused on lung injuries induced by SM. This study reviewed early and late clinical features and complications of SM in upper respiratory tract as well as its molecular mechanism of action and treatment.