Abstract
BackgroundEstablishing which upper limb outcome measures are most commonly used in stroke studies may help in improving consensus among scientists and clinicians.ObjectiveIn this study we aimed to identify the most commonly used upper limb outcome measures in intervention studies after stroke and to describe domains covered according to ICF, how measures are combined, and how their use varies geographically and over time.MethodsPubmed, CinHAL, and PeDRO databases were searched for upper limb intervention studies in stroke according to PRISMA guidelines and477 studies were included.ResultsIn studies 48different outcome measures were found. Only 15 of these outcome measures were used in more than 5% of the studies. The Fugl-Meyer Test (FMT)was the most commonly used measure (in 36% of studies). Commonly used measures covered ICF domains of body function and activity to varying extents. Most studies (72%) combined multiple outcome measures: the FMT was often combined with the Motor Activity Log (MAL), the Wolf Motor Function Test and the Action Research Arm Test, but infrequently combined with the Motor Assessment Scale or the Nine Hole Peg Test. Key components of manual dexterity such as selective finger movements were rarely measured. Frequency of use increased over a twelve-year period for the FMT and for assessments of kinematics, whereas other measures, such as the MAL and the Jebsen Taylor Hand Test showed decreased use over time. Use varied largely between countries showing low international consensus.ConclusionsThe results showed a large diversity of outcome measures used across studies. However, a growing number of studies used the FMT, a neurological test with good psychometric properties. For thorough assessment the FMT needs to be combined with functional measures. These findings illustrate the need for strategies to build international consensus on appropriate outcome measures for upper limb function after stroke.
Highlights
Stroke is a main cause of physical disability in adults [1]
Most studies (72%) combined multiple outcome measures: the Fugl-Meyer Test (FMT) was often combined with the Motor Activity Log (MAL), the Wolf Motor Function Test and the Action Research Arm Test, but infrequently combined with the Motor Assessment Scale or the Nine Hole Peg Test
Frequency of use increased over a twelve-year period for the FMT and for assessments of kinematics, whereas other measures, such as the MAL and the Jebsen Taylor Hand Test showed decreased use over time
Summary
A total of 477 studies were reviewed, in which a wide variety of outcome measures were identified. Four out of these 15 measures evaluated (entirely or predominantly) the ICF Body Structure/Body Function level (Fig 3A): the Fugl-Meyer Test (FMT), the Ashworth or modified Ashworth scale, tests concerning force control (FC) and ROM. Seven of the 15 outcome measures concerned predominantly theICF Activity level These were (Fig 3B): Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Motor Activity Log (MAL), and Box and Blocks Test (BBT), each of these present in about 10% of studies, followed by JebsenTaylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT), and Motor Assessment Scale (MAS).
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