Abstract
Using robotics in modern medicine is slowly becoming a common practice. However, there are still important life science fields which are currently devoid of such advanced technology. A noteworthy example of a life sciences field which would benefit from process automation and advanced robotic technology is rehabilitation of the upper limb with the use of an orthosis. Here, we present the state-of-the-art and prospects for development of mechanical design, actuator technology, control systems, sensor systems, and machine learning methods in rehabilitation engineering. Moreover, current technical solutions, as well as forecasts on improvement, for exoskeletons are presented and reviewed. The overview presented might be the cornerstone for future research on advanced rehabilitation engineering technology, such as an upper limb bionic orthosis.
Highlights
The current state-of-the-art in bionic orthoses has its beginning in classical antiquity
Standard 80601-2 for medical electrical equipment, especially part 78 “Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of medical robots for rehabilitation, assessment, compensation or alleviation” [41]. This will hasten an implementation of the bionic orthosis and will popularize them, which in effect will result with extended experience
Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is a substance composed of ferromagnetic particles, which change their dynamic viscosity under the influence of a magnetic field
Summary
The current state-of-the-art in bionic orthoses has its beginning in classical antiquity. The first known works related to this topic were created by Archytas from Tarentum in 350 BC He invented several mechanical devices, such as a flying bird powered by steam [1]. The creator of the first known orthosis was French surgeon Ambroise Paré in the middle of XVI century [6] whose metallic brace was introduced for correction of scoliosis It did not exploit any movement, since orthosis devices have been constantly improved. The project was called Hardiman (Figure 1a) and was expected to increase human lifting capability up to 650 kg It generated a raising force of only 340 kg and the orthosis was enormous. The purpose of this article is to review the latest technology used in constructing a bionic orthosis meant for rehabilitation, as well as to indicate the direction of its future development. (b) Myopro (reproduced with permission from [28], Myomo, 2020), (c) Patient on continuous passive range of motion machine (figure from [29])
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