Upper Extremity Compartment Syndrome

Abstract

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) of the upper extremity is a surgical emergency resulting from decreased perfusion pressures and tissue hypoxia. Variable clinical presentation and physical examination findings produce unique challenges for physicians. Concomitant injuries can often further complicate the clinical picture. Prompt evaluation and diagnosis are essential to maximize functional outcomes and minimize potentially devastating sequelae. Emergent decompression of the involved fascial compartments is required to reestablish the vascular pressure gradient necessary for adequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. An understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, pertinent anatomy, and surgical management of ACS is essential for the upper extremity surgeon. This review contains 15 figures, 3 tables and 74 references Key words: acute compartment syndrome, arm, compartments, fasciotomy, forearm, fracture, hand, surgical decompression, trauma, upper extremity