Upper airway reactivity and upper respiratory tract infection: effect of nebulized lidocaine

Abstract

Patients presenting for elective anaesthesia and surgery may be suffering with, or recovering from, a recent upper respiratory tract infection. Airway reflexes are heightened and these individuals may be more likely to suffer airway complications on administration of general anaesthesia. We have examined the effect of nebulized lidocaine on upper airway reflexes in such subjects. Using dilute ammonia as a chemical stimulus to the upper airway, we measured upper airway reactivity in 15 volunteers (aged 22-43 yr) with symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection for 4 days or less. The threshold concentration of ammonia producing a brief reduction in inspiratory flow was determined. Measurements were made before and after administration of a nebulized solution of 4% lidocaine 4 ml or saline. After a 2-h interval the procedure was repeated with the alternative solution. The order of administration was randomized. The observer was blind to the solution given. Ammonia threshold was found to increase in subjects after nebulized lidocaine, from a median value of 327 (range 76-878) ppm to 878 (251-1620) ppm (P = 0.0007, Wilcoxon); there was no significant change after nebulized saline. After a convalescence period of at least 4 weeks, with no return of symptoms in the preceding 2 weeks, ammonia threshold was reassessed. It was found to be increased in all 15 subjects. Comparison of the five different times of measurement showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.001, Friedman). Subsequent analysis showed significant differences (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon) between convalescent ammonia threshold and both baseline and post-saline nebulizer values. There was no significant difference between convalescent and post-lidocaine ammonia threshold. We conclude that in adult subjects, nebulized lidocaine attenuated the heightened airway reflex sensitivity associated with symptoms and signs of upper respiratory tract infection.