Abstract
In this study, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of flavonoid from Paeonia lactiflora seed peel was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Single-factor experiments and a three-factor three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) were performed to explore the effects of the following parameters on flavonoid extraction: ethanol concentration (X1), liquid-solid ratio (X2), and ultrasonic time (X3). The results showed that the optimal flavonoid yield (10.9045 mg RE/g) was as follows: ethanol concentration 62.93%, ultrasonic time 64.56 min, and liquid-solid ratio 24.86 mL/g. The optimized extract of P. lactiflora seed shell was further analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and 20 main flavonoids were identified and quantified, among which protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde had the highest content. Furthermore, the results of the antioxidant test showed that the P. lactiflora seed peel extract obtained under optimized UAE conditions exhibited good antioxidant activity. The experimental results showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction was a fast, efficient, and simple method for extracting active ingredients from P. lactiflora seed peel, thereby making this byproduct a promising source of compounds in food and healthcare sectors.
Highlights
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), which was a perennial root flower belonging to the Paeoniaceae family [1], cultivated as a traditional medicinal and ornamental plant in China with high ornamental value [2] for more than 3,900 years [3]
Zhang et al enriched the total flavonoids of Paeonia ostii flowers via polyamide resin columns and found that the extracts with higher total flavonoid content had higher antioxidant activity [38]
A three-level and three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) was performed to explore the quadratic effects by using response surface methodology (RSM) of the following parameters on flavonoids, and the process parameters optimized by RSM were as follows: ethanol concentration of 62.93%, liquid-solid ratio of 24.86 mL/g, and ultrasonic time of 64.56 min
Summary
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), which was a perennial root flower belonging to the Paeoniaceae family [1], cultivated as a traditional medicinal and ornamental plant in China with high ornamental value [2] for more than 3,900 years [3]. The two traditional Chinese medicines, called “Chishao” and “Baishao,” were both derived from the dry roots of herbaceous peony [4]. These two medicines have the functions of clearing heat, cooling blood, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis [5], and nourishing blood for regulating menstruation [6], respectively. It had been previously reported that the P. lactiflora seed peel contain a high number of polyphenolic compounds, mainly oligomeric stilbenes [9, 10], which have good bioactivity and were important for P. lactiflora seed peel in potential industrial applications of functional foods. There are few studies reported on P. lactiflora seed peel
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