Abstract
Aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) is a novel compound that is formed from the esterification of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)) and eugenol. This study aimed to investigate the effects of AEE on blood stasis in rats and to characterize the underlying mechanisms using a plasma metabolomic study. The results indicate that AEE and ASA could modulate whole blood viscosity (WBV), plasma viscosity (PV), blood coagulation parameters, platelet count, platelet aggregation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine (CR) and the levels of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α). The metabolic profiles of the plasma samples from all groups were clearly separated in the score plots. Nineteen potential metabolites were selected and identified, and disordered levels of these metabolites could be regulated by AEE and ASA. Pathway analysis showed that the mechanism of action of AEE on blood stasis might be principally related to the metabolism of amino acid, fatty acid, energy and glycerophospholipid. The above results indicate that AEE protected the rats against blood stasis, and that this effect might have been caused by the anticoagulation activity of AEE and its abilities to maintain a balance between TXA2 and PGI2, reduce blood viscosity, inhibit platelet aggregation and normalize the plasma metabolic profile.
Highlights
Blood stasis is one of the most common clinical syndromes and is characterized as a pathological state of blood stagnation, delayed and impeded blood flow and local stagnation and blockade of blood vessels [1]
Whole blood viscosity (WBV) and plasma viscosity (PV) are important parameters to estimate the success of blood stasis model
These results indicate that the blood stasis model was successfully established in this study
Summary
Blood stasis is one of the most common clinical syndromes and is characterized as a pathological state of blood stagnation, delayed and impeded blood flow and local stagnation and blockade of blood vessels [1]. Modern medical research indicates that blood stasis is the common pathological basis of various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as thrombosis [3], hyperlipidaemia [4], cerebrovascular disease [5], hypertension [6] and coronary heart disease [7]. CVDs are the leading global disease burden for both mortality and morbidity. CVDs by improving blood circulation and decreasing blood stasis has received increased attention in recent years [8]. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)) is extensively used for the treatment of inflammation, fever, pain and cardiovascular disease. The active ingredient in clove and clove oil, is a safe essential oil and Molecules 2019, 24, 2380; doi:10.3390/molecules24132380 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
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