Abstract
A two-step thermal treatment approach (TSTT), composed by mild thermal treatment and deep thermal cracking, is proposed to upgrade the Venezuela extra-heavy oil vacuum residue. In comparison to the conventional one-step thermal processing, the use of TSTT increased the liquid yield by 4.4 wt% and reduced the coke yield by 4.0 wt%. The cycle of light gas-oil as hydrogen donor significantly enhanced the percentage of diesel subfraction (200–350 °C) in the liquid product.
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