Abstract
The continuous demand for fossil fuels has directed significant attention to developing new fuel sources to replace nonrenewable fossil fuels. Biomass and waste are suitable resources to produce proper alternative fuels instead of nonrenewable fuels. Upgrading bio-oil produced from biomass and waste pyrolysis is essential to be used as an alternative to nonrenewable fuel. The high oxygen content in the biomass and waste pyrolysis oil creates several undesirable properties in the oil, such as low energy density, instability that leads to polymerization, high viscosity, and corrosion on contact surfaces during storage and transportation. Therefore, various upgrading techniques have been developed for bio-oil upgrading, and several are introduced herein, with a focus on the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) technique. Different oxygenated compounds were collected in this review, and the main issue caused by the high oxygen contents is discussed. Different groups of catalysts that have been applied in the literature for the HDO are presented. The HDO of various lignin-derived oxygenates and carbohydrate-derived oxygenates from the literature is summarized, and their mechanisms are presented. The catalyst’s deactivation and coke formation are discussed, and the techno-economic analysis of HDO is summarized. A promising technique for the HDO process using the microwave heating technique is proposed. A comparison between microwave heating versus conventional heating shows the benefits of applying the microwave heating technique. Finally, how the microwave can work to enhance the HDO process is presented.
Highlights
In light of the fast-growing global energy demand, depletion of fossil fuels, and associated detrimental environmental issues, it is of the utmost significance to find alternative renewal energy resources to meet the energy demand
Biofuel can be produced from several feedstocks that are widely available in all countries, especially industrialized ones, and the most important feedstocks are biomass and west
Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a compelling upgrading approach to produce petroleum-like hydrocarbon fuels or chemical building blocks from fast pyrolysis-produced bio-oil, during which oxygen present in the bio-oil is removed through water formation [25]
Summary
In light of the fast-growing global energy demand, depletion of fossil fuels, and associated detrimental environmental issues, it is of the utmost significance to find alternative renewal energy resources to meet the energy demand. Biomass can substantial component and has a high resistance to decomposition if compared with cellulose and produce first and second generations of biofuels. Pyrolysis-produced bio-oil usually conversion technology to produce liquid biofuel from biomass and waste. It is worth mentioning that great attention is directed to the fast pyrolysis process for bio-oil production from biomass This aspect’s main reason is the high liquid yield produced with specific characterizations that make it has unique advantages in transport, storage, combustion, retrofitting, and flexibility in production and marketing [17]. Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a compelling upgrading approach to produce petroleum-like hydrocarbon fuels or chemical building blocks from fast pyrolysis-produced bio-oil, during which oxygen present in the bio-oil is removed through water formation [25].
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