Abstract
In this present study, hydro-deoxygenation (HDO) process was performed to upgrade the liquefied bio-oil of Nostoc punctriforme biomass. The engine performance and emission properties of the enriched bio-oil and blends (with diesel) were evaluated. The HTL resulted in highest bio-oil yield of 47.5 wt% at a temperature of 300 °C at 60 min with calorific value of 32.5 MJ/kg. At 60 min and temperature of 300 °C with 1 wt% of heterogeneous catalyst the upgraded HDO-bio-oil yield reached 38.4 wt% with deoxygenation percentage of 70%. The properties of upgraded bio-oil are HHV of 44.74 MJ/kg, Kinematic viscosity of 6.23 mm2/s and density 923 kg/m3 respectively. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used for modeling and optimizing the upgraded bio-oil yield. The optimized RSM conditions for upgraded bio-oil yield (44.5 wt%) are temperature of 280 °C, catalyst load of 0.6 wt%, and time of 120 min. The physiochemical properties of upgraded bio-oil are in agreement with ASTM standards. Equal proportion of bio-oil to diesel (D50: B50) reduced the brake thermal efficiency to 6.66% with reduced NOx emission and slight increase in CO emission. This study highlights that microalga fuels are better renewable energy resource with reduced greenhouse gas emission.
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