Updates on management of advanced heart failure

Abstract

Advanced heart failure defines a subset of patients with heart failure with reduced ejectionfraction having severe symptoms despite usual recommended therapy. These patients requirefrequent hospitalizations and specialized interventions, such as cardiac transplantation,implantation of mechanical circulatory support devices, continuous intravenous inotropictherapy to palliate symptoms, or continued terminal care. This review summarizes themanagement of advanced heart failure with updates in medical therapy and recent advancesin surgical therapy, particularly left ventricular assist device therapy.