Updates in pharmacotherapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Abstract

Heart failure is a common entity encountered in healthcare with a vast socioeconomic impact. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy have led to the development of novel therapies with mortality benefits, improvement in heart failure symptoms and hospitalizations. This article is intended to explore those newer pharmacotherapies and summarize the evidence behind guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). It has been several years since any significant advances in pharmacotherapy of heart failure have resulted in survival benefit. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors through the PARADIGM-HF and PIONEER-HF trials have shown mortality benefits and a reduction in heart failure hospitalizations and are considered landmark trials in heart failure. Vericiguat is an oral guanylate cyclase stimulator that through the recent VICTORIA trial showed a 10% relative difference in death from cardiovascular cause or hospitalization for heart failure. The sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are another class of medications that have shown promise in the treatment of patients with HFrEF and diabetes mellitus. The CANVAS and EMPA-REG OUTCOME trials showed the potential benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular mortality, DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial showed that treatment with dapagliflozin reduced the risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure to a greater extent in patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF). Although novel pharmacotherapy is the current focus of intense research, there have been numerous studies on potential benefit of iron supplementation in ferropenic patients with heart failure. Another rapidly expanding area of research in the realm of heart failure is precision medicine and its impact on the development, progression, and treatment of heart failure. The field of heart failure is dynamic and with the influx of data from recent and ongoing trials, newer therapies with morbidity and mortality benefits in HFrEF are now available, nonetheless, much work is still needed.