Updates in molecules associated with pathogenesis of amoebiasis: A mini review

Abstract

Amoebiasis caused due to the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica has been ranked as the third major reason of mortality after Malaria and Schistosomiasis. The pathogen adversely impacts the health of the children and hinders their development and can lead to intestinal and extra-intestinal manifestation, leading to more than 100,000 deaths annually. The most common route of transmission is via faecal oral route, but recent reports also suggest sexual transmission among homosexual men. Recent experiments in in-vitro, in-vivo and in-silico studies have contributed to a better understanding of pathogenesis by filling in the knowledge gaps related to adhesion, invasion, phagocytosis, encystation, trogocytosis and many other processes. Experimental studies evaluating the pathogenic potential of Entamoeba dispar also highlights the importance of considering other species under this genus. Despite the recent advances, there is a need for new drug targets due to the lack of a successful vaccine yet. This review therefore summarizes the recent molecules that have been identified and assessed to play a role in various pathogenic mechanisms of the parasite, further contributing to the progression of the disease.