Abstract
Hydrazide–hydrazones possess a wide spectrum of bioactivity, including antibacterial, antitubercular, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antiviral, and antiprotozoal properties. This review is focused on the latest scientific reports regarding antibacterial, antimycobacterial, and antifungal activities of hydrazide–hydrazones published between 2017 and 2021. The molecules and their chemical structures presented in this article are the most active derivatives, with discussed activities having a hydrazide–hydrazone moiety as the main scaffold or as a side chain. Presented information constitute a concise summary, which may be used as a practical guide for further design of new molecules with antimicrobial activity.
Highlights
In the field of medicinal chemistry, hydrazide–hydrazones are still in continuous interest due to their diverse and wide spectrum of biological properties [1,2,3,4]
It is worth mentioning that hydrazide–hydrazone moiety is present in the chemical structure of medicines with antimicrobial activity, such as nitrofurazone, furazolidone, or nitrofurantoin [3]
Antibacterial assays performed in this study showed that compound 17 with nitro group displayed good inhibition of bacterial growth, whereas the compounds without an electron-withdrawing group showed weak antibacterial activity (Figure 11, Table 5)
Summary
In the field of medicinal chemistry, hydrazide–hydrazones are still in continuous interest due to their diverse and wide spectrum of biological properties [1,2,3,4]. Compound 11 displayed far better antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli (MIC = 0.032 μM) in comparison with cefadroxil used as a reference substance (MIC = 0.345 μM) (Figure 7) [18]. Hydrazide–hydrazone 15 exhibited very strong activity towards all tested Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 1.95–7.81 μg/mL, MBC = 3.91–125 μg/mL) This substance showed bactericidal action against S. aureus ATCC 6538, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, and B. subtilis ATCC 6633 (MBC/MIC = 2–4) and bacteriostatic effect against other bacteria (MBC/MIC = 8–32). All the newly synthesized hydrazide–hydrazones by Shaaban et al were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus RCMB 0100183, B. subtilis RCMB 0100162, S. epidermidis RCMB 0100183, P. aeruginosa RCMB 0100243, P. vulgaris RCMB 010085, and E. coli RCMB 010052. Compound 18 exhibited moderate activity against Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria (Table 6, Figure 12) [23]
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